The former player: 'I wanted to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This article includes descriptions of racially offensive comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell claims that going public to reveal racism in rugby union brought his career to an early conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, showing digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what happened," he told media outlets.
"I wanted to continue competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply accept the fate and accept that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A sports organization report in 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient proof to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially overlooked for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told media he also faced prejudice within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 caps after his first game in 2014.
"I've had multiple distressing experiences within the national team," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the problem that I've myself suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was finally spurred to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the elite game and to the implementation of an strategy for the elite level."
"We has placed significant focus on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his encounters of racism and classism," it continued.
"The organization are ongoing work with clubs and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a environment of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person education on building welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via individual reports and surveys.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to step in and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You be so pleased of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film about his experiences.
"I know it has had this impact on you and ended your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the production of the film, and his sibling died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the game more accessible.
His charitable organization works to reach young people in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive both on the field with complimentary sports coaching, guidance and dietary education.
"My motivations are genuine, I want to see the progress of the game and if nobody else is willing to tell their experience then I'll persist to fight that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the sport as great as it can be and the longer I talk about it hopefully the more comfortable others will become about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to grab the bull by the opportunity and keep carrying this banner and keep carrying this responsibility and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the game more appealing and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to transform their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in November 2022